Mass Violence in Nazi-Occupied Europe argues for a more comprehensive understanding of what constitutes Nazi violence and who was affected by this violence. The works gathered consider sexual violence, food depravation, and forced labor as aspects of Nazi aggression. Contributors focus in particular on the Holocaust, the persecution of the Sinti and Roma, the eradication of "useless eaters" (psychiatric patients and Soviet prisoners of war), and the crimes of the Wehrmacht. The collection concludes with a consideration of memorialization and a comparison of Soviet and Nazi mass crimes. While it has been over 70 years since the fall of the Nazi regime, the full extent of the ways violence was used against prisoners of war and civilians is only now coming to be fully understood.Mass Violence in Nazi-Occupied Europe provides new insight into the scale of the violence suffered and brings fresh urgency to the need for a deeper understanding of this horrific moment in history.

Il'ya Al'tman is Professor at the Russian State University for the Humanities, as well as founder and co-chairman of the Russian Research and Educational Holocaust Centre. He is the author of many books includingZhertvy nenavisti: Kholokost v SSSR 1941 1945 gg.

Waitman Wade Beorn is Lecturer in the Corcoran Department of History at the University of Virginia. He is the author ofMarching into Darkness: The Wehrmacht and the Holocaust in Belarus,which received the Thomas J. Wilson Memorial Prize from Harvard Press.

Martin Dean worked from 1992 to 1997 for the Metropolitan Police War Crimes Unit in London. His publications includeCollaboration in the Holocaust (2000) andRobbing the Jews.

Gerrit Hohendorf is Associate Professor, MD, psychiatrist, medical historian and medical ethicist. He holds a permanent teaching position at the Institute for History and Ethics of Medicine, Technical University of Munich.

Martin Holler, M.A., studied history and Slavic (Polish and Russian) literature. He is the author of various works on the fate of Roma in Nazi-occupied Europe, including the monographDer nationalsozialistische Völkermord an den Roma in der besetzten Sowjetunion 19411944.

Johannes Hürter is a Research Fellow at the Institute of Contemporary History MunichBerlin and Professor of Modern History at the Johannes Gutenberg University in Mainz. He is the author ofWilhelm Groener: Reichswehrminister am Ende der Weimarer Republik (19281932).

Dovid Katz is Professor at Vilnius Gediminas Technical University. He is the author of numerous books and studies, and has conducted thousands of hours of interviews with Holocaust survivors. His website iswww.DovidKatz.net..

Rolf Kelleris the head of the department 'Memorials Development in Lower Saxony' at the Lower Saxony Memorials Foundation (Stiftung niedersächsische Gedenkstätten), Celle. He is the author most recently ofSowjetische Kriegsgefangene im Deutschen Reich 1941/42.

Dan Michmanis Emeritus Professor of Modern Jewish History at Bar-Ilan University, and serves also as Head of the International Institute for Holocaust Research at Yad Vashem, Israel. He is the author most recently ofThe Emergence of Jewish Ghettos During the Holocaust.

Hans-Heinrich Nolte was Professor for the History of Eastern Europe in Hanover, 19802003, and Guest Professor for Global History in Vienna, 20032014. He is the author most recently ofWorld and Global History.

Reinhardhas researched and published widely on Soviet prisoners of war in German captivity and in Scandinavia during the Second World War. From 2000 to 2006 he was the academic coordinator of a German-Russian-Belarusian project to unearth German documents concerning prisoners of war in former Soviet archives..

Ulrike Winkler is a German historian and political scientist specialising in the history of Nazi Germany, the history of German social welfare, and disability history. Her website is www.schmuhl-winkler.de.

Wolfgang Wippermannis adjunct Professor for Modern History at Free University, Berlin. His books includeEuropäischer Faschismus im Vergleich),Totalitarismustheorien and'Auserwählte Opfer?': Shoah and Porrajmos im Vergleich. Eine Kontroverse.

Introduction

Alex J. Kay / David Stahel

Part I. HOLOCAUST

1: Hitler's Generals in the East and the Holocaust

Johannes Hürter

2:Jews Sent into the Occupied Soviet Territories for Labor Deployment, 19421943

Martin Dean

Chapter 3: Were the Jews of North Africa included in the Practical Planning for the "Final Solution of the Jewish Question"?

Dan Michman

Part II. SINTI AND ROMA

4: "The definitive solution to the Gypsy question": The Pan-European Genocide of the European Roma

Wolfgang Wippermann

5: Deadly Odyssey: East Prussian Sinti in Biaystok, Brest-Litovsk and Auschwitz-Birkenau

Martin Holler

Part III. "USELESS EATERS"

6: Soviet Prisoners of War in National Socialist Concentration Camps: Current Knowledge and Research Desiderata

Reinhard Otto / Rolf Keller

7: The Murder of Psychiatric Patients by the SS and the Wehrmacht in Poland and the Soviet Union, especially in Mogilev, 19391945

Ulrike Winkler / Gerrit Hohendorf

Part IV. WEHRMACHT

8: Reconceiving Criminality in the German Army on the Eastern Front, 1941/1942

Alex J. Kay / David Stahel

9: Bodily Conquest: Sexual Violence in the Nazi East

Waitman Wade Beorn

Part V. MEMORIALIZATION

10: The Holocaust in the Occupied USSR and its Memorialization in Contemporary Russia

Il'ya Al'tman

Chapter 11: The Baltic Movement to Obfuscate the Holocaust

Dovid Katz

Part VI. HISTORY AS COMPARISON

12: Comparing Soviet and Nazi Mass Crimes

Hans-Heinrich Nolte

Selected Bibliography

Index