Nicotine is the major factor in the continuation of the smoking habit among humans. On December 2-4, 1985, under the sponsorship of the Tobacco and Health Research Institute in Lexington, Kentucky, leading scientists from around the world whose research efforts have focused on the role of nicotine in the tobacco habit participated in an International Symposium to provide the most comprehensive and ~xtensive coverage of this topic so far. The material discussed was in the forefront of man's knowledge about nicotine, and both lectures and question and answer sessions were stimulating and enlightening. This publication contains the manuscripts presented at the Symposium, along with an Overview prepared by selected individuals. Lecture and poster session topics are delineated more fully in the Overview. This volume is expected to serve as a definitive reference on nicotine as it relates to the tobacco habit. Symposium sessions were arranged under four headings: (1) behavioral effects of nicotine and nicotine~ependence in humans and animals, (2) neurohumoral regulation of neuroendocrine and cardiovascular function by nicotine, (3) neuropharmacology of nicotine, and (4) neurochemistry. This was the first assembly of this magnitude of scientists who had devoted years of research to nicotine and its effects. Indeed, it was a pleasure to have sponsored this important event. Dr. Lay ten Davis, Director Tobacco and Health Research Institute Cooper and Alumni Drives Lexington, KY 40546-0236 v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The Editors of this volume express sincere appreciation to all of the contributors. Special acknowledgments are given to Ms.

InhaltsangabeTobacco and Health Overview: A Neurobiological Approach.- Tobacco Use and Associated Health Risks.- Behavioral Effects of Nicotine and Dependence in Humans and Animals.- Nicotine Intake and its Regulation by Smokers.- The Functions of Smoking.- Nicotine Increases Mental Efficiency: But How?.- Nicotine: Abuse Liability, Dependence Potential and Pharmacologic Treatment of Dependence.- Nicotine Actions in Models of Learning/Memory and Reward.- Discriminative Stimulus Effects of Nicotine: Correlation with Binding Studies.- Noncholinergic Mechanisms Involved in the Behavioral and Stimulus Effects of Nicotine,1 And Relationships to the Process of Nicotine Dependence.- Intracranial Self-Stimulation Studies with Nicotine.- Autoradiographical Evidence of Nicotinic Receptors in Rat Brain.- Nicotinic Modulation of Dopaminergic Neurotransmission: Functional Implications.- Neurohumoral Regulation of Neuroendocrine and Cardiovascular Function by Nicotine.- Current Concepts on the Effects of Nicotine on Neurotransmitter Release in the Central Nervous System.- Mechanisms of Nicotine Regulation of Dopamine Release in Neostriatum.- Effects of Nicotine and Exposure to Cigarette Smoke on Discrete Dopamine and Noradrenaline Nerve Terminal Systems of the Telencephalon and Diencephalon of the Rat: Relationship to Reward Mechanisms and Neuroendocrine Functions and Distribution of Nicotinic Binding Sites in Brain.- Nicotinic Regulation of Sympathoadrenal Catecholamine Secretion: Cross-Tolerance to Stress.- Central Nicotinic Regulation of Arterial Blood Pressure.- Control of Blood Pressure by Muscarinic and Nicotinic Receptors in the Ventrolateral Medulla.- Stereoselectivity of Nicotine's Central Effects and its Relationship to Pain and Cardiovascular Function.- Nicotinic Receptors in the Motor Endplate and in Sympathetic Ganglia.- Nicotinic and Muscarinic Regulation of Adrenal Catecholamine Secretion.- Nicotinic Regulation of Adrenomedullary Opioid Peptide Synthesis and Secretion: A Model to Study Monoamine Neuropeptide Cotransmission.- Neuropharmacology of Nicotine.- Metabolism, Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Nicotine in Man.- Metabolism of Nicotine in Smokers and Nonsmokers.- Does Smoking Decrease Eating and Eating Increase Smoking?.- Neurochemistry.- The Biochemical and Functional Nature of the Nicotin Receptor in Rat Brain.- Brain and Muscle Nicotinic Receptors: Complex Homologous Proteins Carrying Multiple Binding Sites.- The Effects of Chronic Nicotine Administration on Brain Nicotinic Receptor Numbers.- Multiple Nicotinic Receptors: Nicotinic Ligands With Different Specificities.- Nicotinic Cholinergic Receptor Recognition Sites in Brain.- Nicotinic Binding Sites in the Brain: Properties, Regulation, and Putative Endogenous Ligands.- Abstracts.- Dose-related Nicotine Effects on CNS Binding and Behavior.- [3H]Acetylcholine Binding to Nicotinic Cholinergic Receptors in Brain: Localization and Regulation Visualized by Autoradiography.- Acute Effects of Tobacco on Human Brain Stem Evoked Potentials.- Effects of Nicotine on the Development of an Invertebrate Embryonic System.- Effect of Nicotine on the Turnover Rate of Catecholamine in the Rat Brain.- Cigarette Smoking and Parkinsonism.- Stereospecific N-Methylation of Nicotine by Intact Guinea Pig Pulmonary Alveolar Macrophages.- Biodegradable Microspheres for Sustained Delivery of ?-Proteinase Inhibitor.- In Vitro and In Vivo Biomethylation of Nicotine Enantiomers.- Perturbation of S-Adenosylhomocysteine and Inhibition of Histamine Metabolism in the Guinea Pig, by Nicotine.- Cigarette Habituation in Nonhuman Primates.- Nausea, Cigarette Smoking, Nicotine, and Pituitary Hormone Release.- The Role of Tobacco Smoking in Cutaneous Circulatory Changes Associated with Atherosclerosis.- Effect of Cigarette Rod Length on Puff and Post-Puff Respiration Topography, Respiratory Co, and Subjective Ratings in Smokers.- Effects of Smoking Topography on Nicotine and Carbon Monoxide Exposure.- Chronic N